Evolution of Storage Media Technology Within the Data Centre

Evolution of Storage Media Technology Within the Data Centre AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EVOLUTION OF STORAGE MEDIA TECHNOLOGY WITHIN THE DATA CENTRE TO SUPPORT THE I/O REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN APPLICATIONS. Chandan Chandapura Ramesh (x14111306) Abstract Technology has always played a tremendous role in evolution of data storage media from the very starting punch cards to the present flash drives and from kilobytes to terabytes. The evolution of storage included from the standardization of storage devices i.e from large trunks of kilobytes storage media to very small microchip having the great storage capacity of gigabytes. However, in this paper we will look into evolution of storage devices from magnetic tape, magnetic drum, DRAM, FLOPPYs , CDs, DAT, DDS, MOD, , Micro drive, Multimedia Card SD card, Cloud backup solutions. Finally, in this article about evolution about storage devices, we will look into an assessment providing solutions for tiered storage solutions and its development with reference oracle, netapp tiered storage solutions and storage based on present storage trends. INRODUCTION As the time passed by, along with the time technology too has evolved in every step of life from basic needs to the advanced mode of humanity. Concurrently, the evolution in technology of computers has played a prominent role for humankind. Therefore, as the storage medium has also played a major role in computer architecture. Zetta. (2015) say as the computers evolved the storage mediums too had evolved, it all started from punch cards to present storage mediums like those that flash drives to SSD, companies have started to be relied on cloud backup solutions supported by data centers. As per the need of todays Business strategies the requirement for data storage has increased tremendously compared to past five years and to mitigate the costs over storage of data, it has been segregated and designed as structured, semi-structured and unstructured data and they have been stored. As the data is considered officially as corporate assets, there has always been attacks that are more vulnerable. Therefore, data hardening has been a big challenge but still many third party companies have been working towards its excellence. Few measures which have been considered under the improvisation level are SAN, Fiber channel over Ethernet (Fcoe), Internet protocol, Converged Network Adapter (CNA) etc. The storage network technology in the datacenters has been developed into many different configurations, which are DAS (direct attached storage), NAS (Network attached storage), SAT (Storage area networks). In further section we will look this structures with much more details. BACKGROUND: After looking into all the prospective over the storage media briefly will have a detailed discussion over each storage model and it evolution. Magnetic tape: PCMag digital group. (2015) say it was the first few recording mediums used to record music. The data recorded was actually in sequential format. It was manufactured by a ferromagnetic material the disadvantage of these tapes was they would be contaminated if they were not rolled and packed tightly. The tracks on storage device were running parallel to each other, which is called as parallel recording. In computing magnetic tapes are used to store auxiliary type of information. An excellent example for the computer system, which used magnetic tape, was UNIVAC. It had the capacity to handle 128 characters per inch so they were widely used in computers in earlier days. Magnetic drum: Webopedia. (2015) it was direct access storage device, which was metallic cylinder, which was coated by a material called magnetic-iron-oxide. The tracks recorded on the cylindrical device were stored in channels and it was capable of holding 200 tracks were the drum used to rotate at 3000rpm. But still it had a drawback which is that they were not able to store too much of data. DRAM (dynamic random access memory): it is a medium that is been used store the memory temporarily and it is been used widely in todays computer systems. It is made up of small capacitor and transistors. Dram has many cells and each cell is equal to a Bit. The elements on Dram are organized in rows and columns. Todays computers use these cells in megabyte modules. FLOPPYs: Riaz, Rashid et al (2015) say it is portable computer storage disks were data could be handled easily. They are more fragile, low at cost. It was highly dispensable for the people working on their personnel laptops and other processors. It poses a capacity of 250kb to 1.6 mb so it varies on the size of the disk. CDs, DAT, DDS, MOD, Multimedia Card, Micro drive, SD card were the next generation storage medias. CD-ROM was highly used to save and retrieve the data immensely on the systems. DAT was the digital recording table, which was actually released by the Sony in 1987. The main advantage is the data is recorded digitally rather that in analog style. But when compared to CD the performance of DAT is higher and advanced. Micro drives or so called flash drives are portable storage drives used to transfer small amount data very fast and efficiently and so on still the storage media has always been improvising till the present holographic storage formats and still going on giving out the services. Evolution of technologies in Data center storage services: Until now, we had brief discussion of different storage technologies in common IT infrastructures. SIEMON. (2015) say as the time has passed by evolution of DATA center has taken place in parallel. However, it was much more advanced as the data stored in the data center is considered as the corporate assets. so to store data securely different storage models have been introduced they are SAN, Fiber channel over Ethernet (Fcoe) , internet protocol, converged network adapter (CNA) under doff rent configurations like DAS (direct attached storage), NAS (Network attached storage), Further, in this paper will briefly look into every step of these evolution strategies. SAN (storage area network): [6] it is a high-speed network for the storage devices, which would be connected to the servers. The main advantage of SAN is it provides great assistance in backing up the data and disaster recovery. SAN uses fiber optic cable so that the data transfer rate from one location to different location will be high. Fiber channel over Ethernet (Fcoe): [6] it provides a great solution for the organizations possessing parallel network infrastructure issues. Fiber channel gives a high-speed data transfer protocol serially and standards for enterprise grade storage solutions, the transfer rates can be up to 10gbs. Fiber channels operate at great speeds like 4,16, 32 gb/s , but generally in IEEE 802.3ae standards the distance supported for 10GB Ethernet is 10km. so it is highly privileged in datacenters. Internet protocol:[6] it is group or singular drive which are combined together but they are not part of storage network but considered to be more over the internal storage media on personnel laptops. NAS (network-attached storage): [6] offers high-level storage solutions in file sharing services because the architecture is directly connected to LAN. However, because of these characters in NAS it synchronizes hardware storage resources into network, so it can be used to develop multiple networked services and by doing this storage utilization is very efficient. So based on the above technologies the storage solutions have been improvised but still there many technological labs still working on improvement on the performance, reliability and so on. Storage Media Solutions: In this paper will further discuss and present an assessment on tiered storage media solution on any top two companys depended on any context of the data at any particular time. We will be taking Netapp tiered storage solutions and Oracle tiered storage solutions. Tiered storage solutions: TechTarget (2005) the storage solutions are to segregation of data based on the company-defined policies to reduce the cost effectiveness of the data. The segregation may include different categories like performance, usage, security and so on. [6] Tiered storage consists few different tiers like tier 1, 2 and 3 data. Tier 1 includes highly sensitive data so data isolation is main aspect hence they are stored in expensive media solutions. Tier 2 data will consist of type two classified files so the storage media expense is reduced. In Tier 3 it consists of unclassified data the expenses are very less as the data is stored in in less expensive media. Oracle Tired Storage Solution Service: Oracle optimized solutions (2015) the main aim of oracle tiered solution is to provide highly efficient scalability and flexibility for the data. An always-new data storage trend was needed for better storage efficiency. As the data grows there was an opportunity arising for new wave lengths, Based on this aspects oracle offered optimized tiered solution to protect data as well, lower cost for storage and massive scalability. [3] providing Oracles disk and tape storage systems for better performance than many other storage media Introducing Oracle Storage tek modular tape gives a high throughput at lower cost and Oracle e Hierarchical Storage Manager provides configurable file system view and policy based management and data protection. They predicted that reduced deployment provides additional savings. Reduced data risk due to pretesting, ensured access and data integrity. They provide higher quality of the data availability and integrity. Oracle applies all the tiers for the data s torage solutions based on the client requirements. Oracle’s StorageTek T10000D offers outstanding bit error rate. it predicts that it offers 12.6 times better TCO than EMC isilonn soln. Netapp Tired Storage Solution Service: NetApp (2012) has great views towards the optimizing storage efficiency and performance. The main solution they give is, the right data at the right time at the right cost. Netapp provides a very different and unique way of solution for storing the data with an automated way of approach. The virtual tier provides a real time response to most of the demanding applications, ability to consolidate the data others tiers whenever required, conducting data cloning and SSD technologies. Basically provides reduced power -cooling storage. The developed flash technology in the [2] storage tiers of Netapp has helped in increasing the efficiency of the storage solutions. The key advantage of Netapp services provided for storage infrastructure will be the self-managing data-driven service layer. It helps mitigating the costs based on the performance for the classification of the data. The major feature to help the performance of the workloads would be the Netapp Flash Cache PCI-e-based modules. The workloads are like the file service workloads and OLTP workload etc†¦ Conclusion: In this paper, we initially discussed about the evolution of the storage media as the time it was integrated including the storage architecture. We even took a brief review about two companies’ providing storage services which are oracle tier storage solutions and netapp tier storage solutions. we actually had a view how both the companies mitigate the storage structure difficulties and provide a wide range of solutions for the clients which is a good prospective towards the development. The tiered storage solutions of each different vendors are competitive which indirectly supporting the development of the storage technologies. The tiered storage solutions describes the different levels of the storage entities set-up with different clients based on the value of the data. So we conclude telling that the development of storage solutions has to be much more improvised based on the requirement and developments. Bibliography: 1) Memory information. [Online] Available from: http://www.memoryinformation.com/dram.htm [Time accessed 2:38 am, date 4/6/2015] 2) NetApp (2012) â€Å"NetApp Virtual Storage Tier† [Online] 2012 Available from: http://www.netapp.com/us/technology/virtual-storage-tier/ [Time accessed 12:32 am, date 7/4/2015] 3) Oracle optimized solutions (2015) â€Å"Maximize Storage Efficiencies for Sharing Data Oracle Optimized Solution for Tiered Storage Infrastructure† [online] January 2015 Available from: http://www.oracle.com/us/solutions/oos/tiered-storage-infrastructure/tiered-storage-infra- bus-wp- 1911879.pdf [Time accessed 12:39 am, date 7/4/2015] 4) PCMag digital group. (2015) â€Å"ENCYCLOPEDIA† [online] 2015 Available from: http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/46499/magnetic-tape [Time accessed 2.08 am, date 4/6/2015] 5) Riaz, Rashid. Floppy Disk.How Products Are Made. 1994.Encyclopedia.com.10 Apr. 2015 Available from: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Floppy_Disk.aspx [Time accessed 2.48pm, date 4/6/2015] 6) SIEMON. (2015) â€Å"Data Center Storage Evolution†. [Online] 2015. Available from: http://www.siemon.com/us/white_papers/14-07-29-data-center-storage-evolution.asp [Time accessed 1:18 am, date 4/6/2015] 7) TechTarget (2005) â€Å"Tiered storage† [online] September 2005 Available from: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/tiered-storage [Time accessed 8:45pm, date 10/4/2015] 8) Webopedia. (2015) â€Å"magnetic drum† [online] 2015 Available from: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/magnetic_drum.html [Time accessed 2.18 am, date 4/6/2015] 9) Webopedia. (2015) â€Å"SAN-storage area network† [online] 2015 Available from: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SAN.html [Time accessed 8:27 pm, date 6/4/2015] 10) Wikipedia (2015) â€Å"Digital Audio Tape†. [Online] March 2015. Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape#References [Accessed: 8:10 pm, date10/4/2015] 11) Zetta. (2015) â€Å"The History of Computer Storage†. [Online] February 2015. Available from: http://www.zetta.net/history-of-computer-storage/ [Time accessed 4/5/2015, 11:35 pm] 12) Goda, K.; Kitsuregawa, M., The History of Storage Systems,Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.100, no.Special Centennial Issue, pp.1433,1440, May 13 2012 doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2189787 URL:http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=6182574isnumber=6259910 13) Knowles, Mike, Survey of the storage evolution,User Group Conference, 2003. Proceedings, vol., no., pp.362,367, 9-13 June 2003 doi: 10.1109/DODUGC.2003.1253418 URL:http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1253418isnumber=28042 1

Delhi Metro

Delhi Metro (Hindi: Dilli Me? ro) is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. It is one of the largest metro networks in the world. The network consists of six lines with a total length of 189. 63 kilometres (117. 83  mi) with 142 stations of which 35 are underground. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade and underground lines and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC)under Akshay Mittal. As of November 2010, DMRC operates around 2,700 trips daily between 6:00 and 23:00 running with an interval of 2 minutes 30 seconds between trains at peak frequency. 3][8] The trains are mainly of four coaches, but due to increase in passengers numbers, six-coach trains are also added on the Red Line (Dilshad Garden to Rithala), Yellow Line (Jahangirpuri to HUDA city centre), Blue Line (Dwarka sec ? 21 to Vaishali/NOIDA city centre) and Violet Line (Central Secretariat to Badarpur). [6][7][8][9] The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50 Hertz alternating current through overhead catenary. The metro has an average daily ridership of 1. 6 million commuters,[2] and, as of July 2011, had carried over 1. 25 billion commuters s ince its inception. 10] The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has been certified by the United Nations as the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to get â€Å"carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions† and helping in reducing pollution levels in the city by 6. 3 lakh tonne every year. [11] Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system for the city. The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) in 1995. Construction started in 1998, and the first section, on the Red Line, opened in 2002, followed by the Yellow Line in 2004, the Blue Line in 2005, its branch line in 2009, the Green and Violet Lines in 2010 and the Delhi Airport Metro Express in 2011. | | History [edit] Background The concept of a mass rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study which was carried out in the city in 1969. [12] Over the next several years, many official committees by a variety of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment and governmental jurisdiction. 13] In 1984, the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks. [14] While extensive technical studies and t he raising of finance for the project were in progress, the city expanded significantly resulting in a twofold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998. 14] Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load. [12] An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving. 15] To rectify the situation, the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on March 5, 1995 with E. Sreedharan as the managing director. [16] [edit] Construction Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on Oct ober 1, 1998. [17] After the previous problems experienced by the Kolkata Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to â€Å"political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays†, the DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds. 18] The DMRC then consulted the Hong Kong MTR on rapid transit operation and construction techniques. [19] As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except for one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge. [20] The first line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Behari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India on December 24, 2002[21] and thus it became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after the Kolkata Metro. The first phase of the project was completed in 2006[22] on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described by Business Week as â€Å"nothing short of a miracle†. [23] [edit] Network Main article: List of Delhi metro stations The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I completed 65. 11  km (40. 46  mi) of route length, of which 13. 01  km (8. 08  mi) is underground and 52. 10  km (32. 37  mi) surface or elevated. The inauguration of the Indraprastha–Barakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I on October 27, 2006. 22] Phase II of the network comprises 128  km (80  mi) of route length and 79 stations, and is fully completed, with the first section opened in June 2008 and the last line opened in August 2011. [24] Phases III (112  km) and IV (108. 5  km) are planned to be completed by 2015 and 2021 respectively, with the network spanning 413  km (257  mi) by then. [25 Red Line Main articl e: Red Line (Delhi Metro) The Red Line was the first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in the west to Dilshad Garden in the east, covering a distance of 25. 09 kilometres (15. 59  mi). 27] It is partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations. [30] The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on December 24, 2002, caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride. [31][32] Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari – Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok) on October 4, 2003,[33] Inderlok – Rithala on March 31, 2004, and Shahdara – Dilshad Garden on June 4, 2008. [34] [edit] Yellow Line Main article: Yellow Line (Delhi Metro) The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be opened. [35] It runs for 44. 36 kilometres (27. 56  mi) from north to south and connects Jahangirpuri with HUDA City Centre. The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated, while the central section through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is underground. The first section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on December 20, 2004, and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate – Central Secretariat opened on July 3, 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya – Jahangirpuri on February 4, 2009. 34] This line also possesses the country's deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazaar, situated 30 metres (98  ft) below ground level. [36][37] On 21 June 2010, an additional stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon was opened, initially operating separately from the main line. However, Chhatarpur station on this line opened on August 26, 2010. Due to delay in acq uiring the land for constructing the station, it was constructed using pre-fabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi metro network to be made completely of steel. 38][39] The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on September 3, 2010. [40] Interchanges are available with the Red Line at Kashmere Gate station, Blue Line at Rajiv Chowk Station, Violet Line at Central Secretariat , and with the Indian Railways network at Delhi and New Delhi railway stations. [41][42] [edit] Blue Line Main article: Blue Line (Delhi Metro) The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened, and the first to connect areas outside Delhi. 43] Partly overhead and partly underground,[44] it connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of 47. 4 kilometres (29. 5  mi). [43] The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on December 3 1, 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka – Dwarka Sector 9 on April 1, 2006, Barakhamba Road – Indraprastha on November 11, 2006, Indraprastha – Yamuna Bank on May 10, 2009, Yamuna Bank – Noida City Centre on November 12, 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 – Dwarka Sector 21 on October 30, 2010. 34] This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[30] and has India's first extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan. [45] A branch of the Blue line, inaugurated on January 8, 2010, takes off from Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6. 25 kilometres (3. 88  mi) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi. [46] It was further extended up to Vaishali which was opened to public on July 14, 2011. [47][48] A small stretch of 2. 76 kilometres (1. 71  mi) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 was inaugurated on October 30, 2010. 49][50] Interchanges are available with the Yellow Line at Rajiv Cho wk station,[44] and with the Indian Railways network at the Anand Vihar Railway Terminal. [51] [edit] Green Line Main article: Green Line (Delhi Metro) Opened in 2010, the Green Line was the first standard-gauge corridor of the Delhi Metro. [28] The fully elevated line connects Mundka with Inderlok, running for 15. 1 kilometres (9. 4  mi) mostly along Rohtak Road. [52] An interchange with the Red line is available at Inderlok station via an integrated concourse. [53] This line also has the country's first standard-gauge maintenance depot at Mundka. 54] [edit] Violet Line Main article: Violet Line (Delhi Metro) The Violet Line is the most recent line of the Metro to be opened, and the second standard-gauge corridor after the Green Line. The 20. 2  km (12. 6  mi) long line connects Badarpur to Central Secretariat, with 9  km (5. 6  mi) being overhead and the rest underground. [29] The first section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Vihar was inaugurated on October 3, 20 10, just hours before the inaugural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium which is the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the event. 55] Completed in just 41 months, it includes a 100  m (330  ft) long bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines and a 167. 5  m (550  ft) long cable-stayed bridge across an operational road flyover, and connects several hospitals, tourist attractions and a major industrial estate along its route. [29] Services are provided at intervals of 5 min. [55] An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse. [29] On January 14, 2011, the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur was opened for commercial service, adding three new stations to the network and marking the completion of the line. Airport Express The Airport Express line runs for 22. 7  km (14. 1  mi) from New Delhi Railway Station to Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The line is operated, by the Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure, the concessionaire of the line. [56] Constructed at a cost of [pic]2,885 crore (US$548. 15 million),[57] the line has six stations (Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on August 15, 2011), with some featuring check-in facilities, parking and eateries. 58] Rolling stock consists of six-coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of 135  km/h (84  mph). [58] Originally scheduled to open before the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance, and was opened on 24 February 2011, after a delay of around 5 months. [59][60] Finances [edit] Funding The capital cost of Phases I and II has been estimated to be [pic]14,430 crore (US$2. 74 billion) at 2004 prices. [73] However, more recent estimates have placed the cost of construction at [pic]200 crore (US$3 8 million) per kilometre. 74] Thirty percent of the total investment for Phases I and II has been raised through equity capital with the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Delhi contributing equal shares,[73] and approximately another 60 percent has been raised as either long-term or subordinate debt, through soft loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation. [75] The rest of the investment is proposed to be recovered from internal revenues through operations and property development. [73] The Metro also received [pic]1,914. 3 crore (US$363. 7 million) as grant-in-aid from various agencies for the financial year ending March 2009. 76] As of August 7, 2010, Delhi Metro has paid back an amount of [pic]567. 63 crore (US$107. 85 million), which includes loan amount for Phase I and interest amounts for Phases I and II, to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). [77] [edit] Revenue and profits In 2007, the Delhi Metro claimed to be one of only five metro sys tems in the world that operated at a profit without government subsidies. This was enabled by keeping maintenance costs to a minimum and harnessing additional revenue from advertisements and property development, apart from ticket sales. 78][79] The Metro also generates revenue by leasing out its trains and stations for film shoots. Due to its increasing association with Delhi as an image of the city's everyday life, it has been a popular filming location for production houses, and several films and advertisements have been shot on board. [80][81] Producers have to pay as much as [pic]1 lakh (US$1,900) for every hour of filming, besides a security deposit and insurance. [80] For the financial year ended March 2008, the Metro reported operating revenues of [pic]305. 27 crore (US$58 million) and a profit before tax of [pic]19. 8 crore (US$3. 8 million),[82] which rose to [pic]723. 77 crore (US$137. 5 million) and [pic]90. 43 crore (US$17. 2 million) respectively for the financial year ended March 2009. [76] Operations Trains operate at a frequency of 3 to 4. 5 minutes between 6:00 and 23:00. Trains operating within the network typically travel at speeds below 80  km/h (50  mph), and stop about 20 seconds at each station. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafes and convenience stores. Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing of gum are prohibited in the entire system. The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies, and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations. [83] Navigation information is available on Google Transit. [84] The first coach of every train is reserved for women. [85][86] [edit] Security Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007. 87] Closed-circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations, and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms. [88] Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system, in addition to metal detectors, X-ray baggage inspection systems and dog squads which are used to secure the system. [89] Intercoms are pr ovided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the Train operator. 90] Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations. [91] [edit] Ticketing For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket purchase. The RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase and the value depends on the distance travelled, with fares for a single journey ranging from [pic]8 (US$0. 15) to [pic]30 (US$0. 57). Fares are calculated based on the origin and destination stations using a fare chart. 92] A common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses and the Metro will be introduced in 2011. [93] Travel cards are available for longer durations and are most convenient for frequent commuters. They are valid for one year from the date of purchase or the date of last recharge, and are availabl e in denominations of [pic]100 (US$1. 9) to [pic]800 (US$15. 2). A 10% discount is given on all travel made on it. [94] A deposit of [pic]50 (US$0. 95) needs to be made to buy a new card. [92] Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short periods of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for one and three days respectively. The cost of a one-day card is [pic]100 (US$1. 9) and that of a three-day card is [pic]250 (US$4. 8), besides a refundable deposit of [pic]50 (US$0. 95) that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card. [92] As the network has expanded, high ridership in new trains have led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro. [95][96] To alleviate the problem, orders for new 6 coach trains have been placed and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed. 95] Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern. [97][98] In 2010, severe overcrowding on the Yellow Line, which connects the north and south campuses of Delhi University, was reported to be a reason for students missing or reporting late for classes. [99] [edit] Ridership Delhi Metro recorded the highest ever ridership figu re of 2,066,925 on 20 August 2011, which surpassed the earlier record set on 01 August 2011, when 1,830,944 people traveled by the Metro. 100] Currently, DMRC has a pool of 200 train sets with 69 of these being six coach formations. At present; the Delhi Metro is operational on six lines where more than 2500 train trips are made each day traversing over 69000 KMs in a day. With Phase-III of the network expected to cover about 108 kilometers, the Delhi Metro network will become 295 kilometers by 2016 making it one of the fastest expanding Metro networks in the world carrying about 4 million (40 lakh) passengers. [101] [edit] Accidents On October 19, 2008, a girder launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge with the help of a crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34 metres (112  ft) long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer. [102] On July 12, 2009, a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching girder lost balance as it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat – Badarpur corridor. Six people were killed and 15 others injured. [103] The day after, on July 13, 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six. [104] On July 22, 2009 a steel beam fell on a worker at the under-construction Ashok Park Metro station, killing him. [105] Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998. [106] [edit] Rolling stock The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges. Phase I lines use 1,676  mm (5. 499  ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines use 1,435  mm standard gauge rolling stock. [108] Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line, Shastri Park for the Red Line and Sarita Vihar for the Violet Line. [29][109][110][111][112] [edit] Broad gauge The broad gauge rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers. For the Phase I, the rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem, Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO. The coaches were initially built in South Korea by ROTEM,[113] then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement. [114] These trains consist of four 3. 2-metre (10  ft) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500 passengers,[115] with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach. 116] The coaches are fully air conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,[117] and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32  km/h (20  mph) over a distance of 1. 1  km (0. 68  mi). [116] The system is extensible up to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly. [115] The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation, which has received an order f or 614 cars worth approximately US$ 1100 million. 118] While initial trains were made in Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's factory in Savli, near Vadodara. [119] These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras with eight-hour backup for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed conditions and heaters for winter. 120] [edit] Standard gauge The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The trains are four-car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train,[121] accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach. [116] These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidity control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,[122] and will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34  km/h (21  mph) over a distance of 1.   km (0. 68  mi). [116] [edit] Airport Express Eight 6-car trains supplied by CAF Beasain of Spain were imported. [123] CAF holds 5% equity in the DAME project, Reliance Infrastructure holds the remaining 95%. [57] The trains on this line are entirely different from the existing ones and have in-built noise reduction features for a noise-free ride with padded fabric seats. The coaches are equipped with LCD screens for entertainment of the passengers and also provide flight information for convenience of air travellers. The trains are fitted with an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and impact and the wheels have flange lubrication system for less noise and better riding comfort. [124] [edit] Maglev On 7 December 2011, the government informed the Rajya Sabha that it was planning to introduce magnetic levitation wheel-less trains on the Delhi Metro. Minister of State for Urban Development Saugata Roy said: â€Å"The Delhi Metro proposes to introduce the wheel-less trains. The introduction of Maglev technology of Metro connectivity by DMRC is only at a conceptual stage for the present. â€Å"[125] The Maglev technology uses magnetic levitation to suspend, guide and propel mass rapid systems. [edit] Signalling and telecommunication The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signalling modules. 126] A 380  MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola is used on all 6 lines to carry both voice and data information. [127] For Line 3,4 Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M. [128] An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergen cies. 129] For Line-1 and Line-2 ALSTOM has supplied signalling system and for line 5,6 Bombardier has supplied signalling system. [edit] Environment and aesthetics The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,[130] RINA,[131] and the International Organization for Standardization,[131] becoming the second metro in the world, after the New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction. [132] Most of the Metro tations on the Blue Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection measure. [133] It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[134] and has so far earned 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains. [135] The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, and community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display at stations. 136] Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations,[137] while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have been decorated with mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren. [138] The Metro station at INA Colony has a gallery showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across India,[139] while all stations on the Central Secretariat – Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the monumental architectural heritage of Delhi. [

Essay about Artists Work from Their Own Experiences

Artists work from their own experiences, imaginings, feelings and psychological experiences * Jackson Pollock * Picasso * Jeff Koons The personal experiences of the artists consisting of the subjective and psychological happenings create thoughts and imaginings which are all combined to fuel the art-making process. Artists harness their personal and psychological experiences, imaginings and feelings to engender their artwork. Jackson Pollock, Picasso and Jeff Koons are artists that use their experience to form their art. Jackson Pollock led a life of fame and notoriety produced by a life of hardships, hard work and bad habits. He was an American Abstract Expressionist who defied every rule of harmony and good taste in†¦show more content†¦His marriage with Lee Krasner marked a new period of creativity. In 1957 Pollock abandoned all recognizable elements in his pictures and committed himself to abstraction. This new style caused him to use anything and everything, using sprinkled sand or broken glass to create a textured effect. He called this style ‘alloverness’ and stated â€Å"I want to express my feelings rather than illustrate them†. Critics began to call his art â€Å"action painting† characterized by the spontaneity which was also a new movement in Abstract Expressionism. Pollock privately was struggling with alcoholism and his fame and attention he was getting was too much causing him to fall into depression and drink constantly. 1950 to 1953 he began a series of works known as Black Paintings which moved away from colour and reintroduced figurative elements. This new style was unsuccessful which in turn made him return to his all over style. He died still in depression and in a car accident under the influence of Alcohol implying that alcohol was a big part of Pollock’s adult life. Pollock’s works such as ‘Cathedral’ was born from unadulterated and passionate subjectivity formed with complex threads of pigment that were aggressively sprayed on canvas showing a plethora of pattern and movement. The work’s vivacity, strong and aggressive behavior is clear reflection of Pollock’s own life. Pablo Picasso had an innate skillShow MoreRelatedAisha Osman. Matthew Brogden. Engl 3001W: Textual Analysis1535 Words   |  7 PagesIndividual Talent, T.S. Eliot makes an argument against artists expressing their own emotions and their own personal experiences to a work of art. Eliot goes into detail in how personal experiences in a work of art would essentially be pushing your own emotions on to the reader whether they want them or not. He also highlights the benefits of allowing the text to speak for itself, in a sense. Eliot believes that true art is art that can give its own emotions without the input of the author. Choosing wordsRead MoreRelationship Between The Live Event And The Document Within Performance Practice1692 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween the live event and the document within performance practice, specifically focus on in relation to body, time and space. Performance art is commonly known as a performance presented to a viewer within a fine art context. Through pe rformance artists emphasize the body’s role in artistic production. Performance archive has been characterized as a false representation of the art performance in the past. Yet, in contemporary art the relationship between live performance practices and documentationRead MoreWho Is Art As Something We Create?1037 Words   |  5 PagesAn Artist One reason why I wonder is that we consider art as something we create. Making characters, their lives and their conflicts, would be an art, does not it? When we think about an artist first three topics come to mind are a painter, musician, and dancer. I get the impression that writers are further down the list of potential artists. When you search for the word artist in google search, you would find it as one who professes skills and practices an imaginative art. Nevertheless, when youRead MoreRelationship Between The Live Event And The Document Within Performance Practice1588 Words   |  7 Pagesfocus on in relation to body, time and space. Performance art is commonly known as a performance presented to a viewer within a fine art context. Through performance artists emphasize the body’s role in artistic production. Historically, performance archive has been characterized as an unfaithful representation of the momentary art experience. Yet, in contemporary art the relationship between live performance practices and documentation has progressed towards reconciliation. Whether, the performance isRead MoreDeaf Art Is More Than Just A Painting Or Drawing1715 Words   |  7 Pagestogether the Deaf Community. The feelings that the Deaf experience are now brought onto a canvas. Art plays a huge role in the Deaf community. After all, the Deaf are thought of as the best visual people. Deaf artists bring their Deaf pride and pour their hearts out into their art works. They are great role models to the people in their community. The first Deaf artists from America started in the 1760’s through the early 1800’s. Most of these artists painted portraits of American settlers in wantingRead MoreThe Finances of Being an Artist741 Words   |  3 PagesFinances for an artist can be one of the toughest topics to be brought into discussion when thinking about starting their own business. This shouldn’t be a shock to any artist since there are major finance issues behind every field of being a successful artist. To put it into simple context, being an artist of any kind is costly. First, there is a variety of how expensive a career can be to an artist all while depending on the type of work you put in. 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Barwell argues that theRead More Hawthornes The Artist of the Beautiful, Pollacks Stitches in Time, and Jungs The Spirit Man, Art and Literature1453 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes The Artist of the Beautiful, Barbara Pollacks Stitches in Time, and Car Jungs The Spirit Man, Art and Literature The artist has been a mystery to many of us: unexplainably driven in his work; seemingly unconcerned with any other aspects of his life; often oblivious to the world around him. The artists in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Artist of the Beautiful, Barbara Pollacks Stitches in time, and Carl Jungs The Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature represent someRead MoreArt As A Form Of Self Expression1378 Words   |  6 PagesArt can be a form of self-expression and a way to communicate ideas and thoughts with other people. Each time when an art work is being viewed, a resonance between the art itself the viewer is created. 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Terrorism Is A Global Issue - 1462 Words

Terrorism is a global issue that has been a problem for many for centuries. Many agree that there is not just one clear definition of the word. The Dictionary.com definition of terrorism is, â€Å"The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes.† This definition is incomplete. It doesn’t tell you that the act of terrorism is wrong or does it describe who can be affected by it. The FBI’s definition seems to be a better description. They define it as, â€Å"Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or ay segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Terrorism is a global issue because countries will always have political groups or religious group with different views on how their county should be run. Some of these groups have hatred for groups or countries that oppose those views. They use that hatred to commit planned, and organized acts of violence to cause fear in a society, and show that the society’s government is unable to protect its citizens. Acts of terrorism usually affects innocent people, in their daily lives, including children. The societies that are attacked are forced to change the way it is run in order to protect that society from future attacks. These changes can make a society feel as though their government is being too controlling. The main objective of terrorism is to cause chaos inShow MoreRelatedTerrorism : A Global Issue Essay1749 Words   |  7 PagesAngela Brown Professor Miller English 112 13 Sept 2015 Terrorism Many of us will embrace our loved ones before leaving our homes to start a hectic workday. As we hug our children and kiss our spouses goodbye, the thought of losing them, or our lives to acts of terrorism, is typically not one to cross our minds. On September 11, 2001, this mere thought became the reality for many families. The eleventh of September will forever be remembered as the date a terrorist organization, known as al-QaedaRead MoreTerrorism Is A Global Issue1155 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism is a global issue that most Canadians have come accustomed to hearing. Due to the sudden rise of terrorist acts with the Boston bombings and the shootings in Paris, terrorism is all that seems to appear on the news. But there are many parts of terrorism that people don’t know about. Like the fact that at one point the United States armed Muslim extremist in Afghanistan, who would later make up Al Qeada, to help them win the fight against the soviets who once occupied Afghanistan . TerrorismRead MoreTerrorism Is Global Issue That Have Occurred Around The World? Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism are global issue that have occurred around the world. It happened between countries and countries or even in the civil wars. Because of venerating the religious beliefs, some terrorists groups used terrorism to defense and propagandize their goal to the world. Until now, Al-Qaeda and their allies are known as one of the strongest and dangerous terrorist groups. They were killing people who showed opposed ideas over their beliefs; furthermore, in their religious ideal, the terrorists groupsRead MoreWhy Canada Should Pursue And Combat All Potential Terrorists On A Global Scale1541 Words   |  7 Pagesattacks, the world must discuss how to effectively combat terrorism in a way that minimizes harm. Throughout the following paper, I will summarize four contrasting responses to terrorism, included in a document adapted from Terrorism: How Should We Respond, of the Choices Program at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University. I will then discuss why I believe Canada’s most effective response to terrorism would be a unique combination of Options Two and Four. I believeRead MoreCanada’S Counter-Terrorism Strategy Is Failing. From The919 Words   |  4 Pages Canada’s counter-terrorism strategy is failing. From the 2014 attack on Parliament hill to the January massacre at the Quebec city mosque, it is clear that terrorism is an imminent threat, both to Canada and to the world. Backlash against Western culture provides ammunition to extremist Islamic groups globally, which is only exacerbated by the West’s disproportionate military responses to legitimate and perceived threats through drone strikes or other military operations. Anger towards domesticRead More Why Terrorism Should Be a Global Concern Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pageshalt it. A central assumption is that terrori sm is a religious war, apparently between Christians and the Muslims. This is just a moral claim that terrorists are using to attract more people over to their side, as well as create solidarity among the Muslims. 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And they support eachRead MoreTerrorism Is Very Real For Mnes Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesSadly, terrorism permeates everyday society, and the intensifying impact of terrorism on international business is a global phenomenon with implications for both theory and practice. The research question addressed by this exploratory study is how international businesses apply past terrorism exposure and experience from operating in risky locations to create organizational preparedness and performance resilience to absorb and endure future terrorist attacks. This paper contributes to the internationalRead MoreTerrorists and Terrorism: The 9/11 Terror Attacks922 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorists and Terrorism: The 9/11 terror attacks is one of the historical and fatal events that changed the United States of America forever, especially in relation to terrorists and terrorism. 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Wealth and Happiness - 753 Words

Engelsk eksamensopgave – Opgave A 1. Give an outline on the views on the relation between wealth and happiness presented in texts 1 and 2. In text 1 David tells us of how wealth is nothing compared to your relationships with other people. Through many studies it has been shown that people get more happiness out of socializing with people than making lots of money. Text 1 ends with the conclusion that personal triumphs are important, but not as important as relationships. In text 2 we are told that studies show that people are happier when using money on experiences rather than on material goods like a new couch. Some studies also show that people tend to want what the neighbor has. But if people spend more money on experiences, they†¦show more content†¦But does a long life necessarily mean a happy life? â€Å"If you have a successful marriage, it doesn’t matter how many professional setbacks you endure, you will be reasonably happy. If you have an unsuccessful marriage, it doesn’t matter how many career triumphs you record, you will remain significantly unfulfilled† David strongly disagrees with the research, and makes the statement that a good marriage means a good life. He also insures to tell the reader that there are lots of data to back it up, so we know that it isn’t just he who only thinks it. The reader is then explained sets of studies where people are tested for what gives the most happiness in life. One example of the text is that, a group of people who meets once a month produces the same amount of happiness as a doubling of your income. David Brooks’s conclusion on the text is that, career triumphs actually give lots of happiness, but they emerge out of your relationships with other people so therefore relationships is the most important thing. David gives the text an open end. Is it the school systems fault? Do they prepare children more for a career than for making big social decisions? 3. Based on the opinions voiced in text 2 and 3, discuss whether spending makes people happy. As we are told in text three, there is a difference between poor and wealthy people. The studies have shown that an increase in income makes poorShow MoreRelatedWealth and Happiness1004 Words   |  5 PagesWealth and happiness The human kind has always strived towards power, and wealth is one of the necessities for those who want this power. However, nowadays many seek wealth, because they want the freedom that money can grant, and thus become happier. Some people tend overrate how much happier they will get by becoming rich. That leads to the question: â€Å"Can you buy happiness?† 1. In the first text, David Brooks tries to explain the correlation between wealth and happiness. With Sandra Bullock’sRead MoreRelationship Between Wealth And Happiness1328 Words   |  6 PagesDoes wealth equal happiness? 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In North America almost every household (99%) ownsRead MoreHealth and Happiness Gives Us All the Wealth We Need678 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"If you have health, you probably will be happy, and if you have health and happiness, you have all the wealth you need, even if it is not all you want.† – Elbert Hubbard. What would it feel like to have obesity related illnesses claim over 2.8 million lives a year? It is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle because you have less of a chance to get sick, when you’re healthy you feel mentally and emotionally happier, and you are more of a good and kind-hearted person. It is extremely importantRead MoreAnalysis Of Nudge : Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, And Happiness, By Thaler And Sunstein1310 Words   |  6 Pagesslight push in a positive direction. These slight pushes can be noted as nudges and can incorporate a negative or positive impact in an individual’s life, depending on how they are utilized. In the book, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, by Thaler and Sunstein, nudges are explored in ways of how they can essentially help humans make better decisions that benefit them throughout their life (2009). However, even though nudges can push people in a positive direction, they alsoRead MoreBlack and White Peoples Contrasting Ideas About Wealth and Happiness Depicted in the Poem Nikki-Rosa713 Words   |  3 Pagesblack people have fundamentally different ideas about wealth and happiness. Along with her words, she uses structure, tone and imagery to convey her belief that white people and black people see their personal life-experiences differently. Wealth for black people is love, family, and togetherness, not tangible items. A sense of community and acceptance of one another are more valuable than having even a private toilet. White people see â€Å"black wealth† as a hard life and focus on the tangible things that

The American Revolution Free Essays

The American Revolution was a period in American history that caused controversy even amongst the most dedicated Colonists. The question of whether or not America should free itself from British rule and become it’s own nation, independent of the Crown, was a major issue that came to the forefront in the late 1700’s and it was during this time that the colonies were split into two very diverse groups: the Colonists who wished to create an independent American nation, and the Loyalists who wished to remain a part of Great Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reasons for each were widely varied depending on the individual, but Edmund Burke is best known as one of the strongest supporters of reconciliation with Great Britain and the avoidance of war through political means and a meeting of the minds between Great Britain and its colonies in the New World that would one day become the United States of America. Edmund Burke was a leading member of the British Parliament who remained on the side of the colonists in that he believed the British should try to work with the American colonists to create a better relationship, and these beliefs are seen within his writings from the period of time in American history that is known as the Revolutionary period. The works written by Burke in the 1770’s share a glimpse into the world and thoughts of the man, and give historians the ability to get a strong sense of this differing opinion on the Revolutionary War that existed at the time, as it is often the fight for independence that is mostly studied as our country did become an independent nation free of British rule, but men like Burke and his ideals were also prominent and that is why his writings are so important to the understanding of Revolutionary history. The viewpoint of Edmund Burke is best summed up as the hope for peace between Great Britain and its American colonies. He does not seem to believe that revolution is necessarily a sure thing for the American people and, in fact, urges against it. In his Speech to Parliament on March 22, 1775 Burke said, â€Å"My proposition is Peace† (Johnson 111). Burke did not feel that a war was the answer to the problems plaguing the American Colonies and their continuing struggle over taxation with Great Britain. He reminds the British that â€Å"America†¦ is an object well worth fighting for† but that war is not â€Å"the best way of gaining them† (Johnson 112). Within his speech on reconciliation, Burke mimics this opinion by claiming that the goal for the American colonies must be peace, and he explains this by saying, â€Å"It is peace sought in the spirit of peace, and laid in principles purely pacific (Burke)†. This clearly means that war was becoming a major issue on the minds of everyone in the American colonies and it was beginning to become a focal point of many important men, both loyalists and patriots. Burke’s solution is the exact opposite that which men such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were hoping for and worked towards, of course, because it meant that they would always be connected to Great Britain; however, Burke’s solution was meant to please both parties if put into practice. It appears, from his opinions stated in his speech on conciliation, that he saw value in not pursuing the types of taxation that the British government was seeking to impose on the Americans, because in doing so it was losing the support and loyalty of the American people. This clear fact meant that if Great Britain were to find a way to please the American people, they would not only benefit by keeping the revenues produced by the colonies, but also their loyalty and support that would only grow over time as the population across the ocean grew in size. Burke states in his defense of developing a relationship with their counterparts in American that would foster loyalty and love of the Crown, â€Å"It is the love of the people; it is their attachment to their government, from the sense of the deep stake they have in such a glorious institution, which gives you your army and your navy, and infuses into both that liberal obedience without which your army would be a base rabble, and your navy nothing but rotten timber(Burke). † In essence, without the fostering of good relations between Britain and her colonies, they would lose a chance at a peaceful and powerful ally in the New World that was growing each year. It seems that when Edmund Burke viewed the American colonists, he was not surprised at all by their conduct, because he recognized that â€Å"in this Character of the American, a love of Freedom is the predominating feature which marks and distinguishes the whole†, and goes on to say that, â€Å"This fierce spirit of Liberty is stronger in the English Colonies probably than in any other people of the earth and this from a great variety of powerful causes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Johnson 112). He also says, in his conciliation speech, that â€Å"the more ardently they love liberty, the more perfect will be their obedience. † He believes the two go together–liberty given to them would result in obedience to the Crown and the Empire. He is adamant that the Colonists are this way because they left England when the English were dedicated to freedom: â€Å"The Colonists emigrated from you when this part of your character was most predominant; and they took this bias and directions the moment they parted from your hands† (Johnson 112). He views the problem as being taxation, and seems to think that peace would be easy to obtain and war easily averted if not for the imposition of taxation on the American colonies. He believes that American revenue should not be ignored as important to the British Empire because it was financially beneficial to keep the American colonies underneath the umbrella of British rule for many various reason. Burke states, â€Å"Let us get an American revenue as we have got an American empire. English privileges have made it all that it is; English privileges alone will make it all it can be (Burke). † By this he means that Americans want to be treated with the same respect and given the same privileges as their British counterparts, and therefore, if they treat them that way, war could be averted. It is obvious from the letter and speech written by Burke and quoted within this paper that the man was staunchly dedicated to the British Empire and the idea of conciliation, and it makes sense from his way of thinking because it would benefit both countries to give the colonies the benefits of being British while still retaining the good relations between the two. Yet, it was not to be and without men like the Founding Fathers who would urge for independence, America and Great Britain would certainly have just continued to have disagreements because the way of life developing across the ocean was vastly different from what existed in England, and that would eventually have led to war, not over taxes, but over the desire to be masters of their own destiny. Works Cited Burke, Edmund. Burke’s Speech on Conciliation with America. Project Guttenberg. Johnson, Michael P. Reading the American Past. Vol. 1. Bedford/St. Martin\’s, 2004. 108-114. How to cite The American Revolution, Papers The American Revolution Free Essays The American Revolution Women’s lives began to change significantly with the American Revolution. Every war means more women taking charge during the absence and after the deaths of husbands and fathers, their active role in the war was very important. After the war, talk of rights raised issues of women’s rights education. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Religions also play an important role for women in the American Revolution. Women’s roles were limited in the colonial times. Marriage and motherhood were the primary goals for women. They lost property and legal rights upon marriage; therefore, women were not expected to participate in the war. Despite their low positions in society, women did participate. One example was Pennsylvania Mary Hays McCauley carried water to troops in battle. When her husband fell at the battle, New Jersey, in 1778, she took his place. For this action, she receives a pension from the state of Pennsylvania for all the services rendered in the revolution war. On the home front, they sewed uniforms and knitted stockings for the soldiers. With their husbands away fighting, some women had to take over as weavers, carpenters, blacksmiths, or shipbuilders. Women had to adjust to be alone and to handling the day to day affairs of running a farm or managing a business in a husband’s absence. Their independence management proved to be one of their most significant roles in the revolution era. Dubois, E, C, Dumenil, L (2005). â€Å"Through women’s eyes†, page 80- 84. The revolution affected the lives of Native American women. They gained some independence from their confining roles because of their efforts in the war and in maintaining their communities in the men’s prolonged absences. The necessity to improve education accelerated after the war, for practical and ideological reason. The American believed that a new republic needed an educated people. As the new nation began the long process of industrialization, this complex economy required to have better skills. Some critics disagree with the education for women since they believed that fully educated women would make them less feminine, but others agree that women needed for education was very important because of the vital roles in educating their children. The new thinking about the importance to educate women was very important; many different schools were design for middle class. They agree that education for women could help them to instruct their son in the principles of patriotism, could make a better home, better wife for a happy marriage. Some women became writers, missionaries and even teachers. Dubois, E, C, Dumenil, L (2005), page 95-96. For African American women, the revolution left a differently legacy. At the end of the war, many slaves were sold into slavery again. For some African American who had not joined the British, the most important legacy was the freedom. The ideological issue at the center of the revolution encourages some whites American to examine the institution of slavery. African American were active participants in the emancipation process. In 1781 Elizabeth Freeman petitioned a Massachusetts county court for her freedom. She suit, combined with several others. In others places like Vermont provide immediate emancipation. Still discrimination limited their opportunities. Most women work at jobs similar to those they had when they were salves. As they worked at their job and cared for the family, many free black women participated in building their church. These institutions were a source of strength and pride for the community. Dubois, E, C, Dumenil, L (2005), page 88-90. In addition to education, religion plays an important role in white women in the eighteen century. The Great Awakening established churches with different denomination like Methodist, Baptist and others. Women voices were heard in their churches, they also made their presence known by their physical manifestations of the spirit. Little by little women were able to speak openly in the churches. In the South the separate Baptist permitted women official roles appointing them as deaconesses and eldresses, their role in churches were very important. Throughout her life, she continued to exert considerable influence within her congregation. For African American religion also touched the lives of many women. Yet during and after the revolution, the Great Awakening had an impact on slave’s women lives. A few evangelical churches condemned the institution of slavery. In the eighteen-century evangelical churches, black women were not permitted to be preachers; they were able to create a sphere of influences and power for them. This role was very important in the nineteenth century when the majority of slaves had adopted Christianity. Dubois, E, C, Dumenil, L (2005), page 99-101 In conclusion, women contributed a great deal to the American Revolution. Their actions on the home front and on the battlefields relieved the men from the extra planning, mobilizing, and combating that they would have had to execute without the help of the women. This allowed the Continental Army to fully concentrate on defeating the British and acquiring sovereignty. America could not have been the powerful independent nation it is today without the service of the women. The truth is, women were fiercely active in the independence cause and made gains for themselves. Nguyen, T, A. â€Å"Women in revolution†. Women in the eighteen century have played an important role of ideology, work and sacrifice. Their roles help to expand more opportunities for a better future. Reference: Dubois, E, C (2005). Through women’s eyes. Boston, NY: Bedford/ST. Martin. Nguyen, T, A. Women in revolution, from http://www. americanrevolution. org/nguyen. html How to cite The American Revolution, Papers

Timeliness of Corporate Financial †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Timeliness of Corporate Financial. Answer: Introduction Accounting Information System plays a crucial role in tracking the financial activities and information of the companies in an effective and systematic way (Romney and Steinbart 2012). It can be seen that extreme competition is one of the prime characteristics of the modern business environment. In order to cope up with this competitive business environment, it is essential for the business organizations for the adoption of various advanced technologies in order to get the necessary competitive advantage (Soudani 2012). The main motive of this report is to analyze and evaluate the importance and needs for an efficient accounting information system for B Bakery. From the provided case study, it can be seen that the B Bakery has not adopted the automated accounting information system as the firm is still using manual for of accounting systems. In various part of this report, the importance and usefulness of various accounting information are discussed in respect to B Bakery. In additio n, various suggestions are also provided to the company for the adoption of effective accounting information system. From the provided information, it can be seen that the main business process of B Bakery is to produce and supply breads and various confectionary products to different businesses, supermarket and pub-chains. Thus, it can be seen that B Bakery is mainly a bakery firm. The owner of a bakery company is known as baker. In more specific words, baker refers to the person who produces various types of breads and cakes with the help of heated sources and supplies them to various businesses. On the other hand, bakers refers to the particular place where a baker produces and sells his/her produces breads and cakes. There is not any exception of this fact in case of B Bakery as the firm has to carry different business processes and activities. The follow section provides the description of various business activities of B Bakery: Bakery Products Production: From the provided information, it can be seen that the main business operation of this company is dealing with the production of various types of bakery products. There is a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) can be seen for the company. As per the provided case study, it is prominent that the firm put large emphasis on the health related factors in their bakery products. For this reason, B Bakery produces healthy bakery products for their customers. This can be considered as the USP of the company. To Conduct the Business in Manual Basis: As per the case study, it can be seen that B Bakery has been carrying out their business activities on the manual basis. From this, it can be understood that B Bakery uses to record all the financial and non-financial transaction of the company on the manual basis rather than using an advances technical accounting system. This can be done with the help of various technologically advanced accounting software. The continuation of manual accounting system can be identified as one of the major drawbacks of B Bakery as the company has failed to adopt any ERP system. Distribution of Product: According to the provided information, it can be seen that distribution of produced bakery products is another major business operation of B Bakery. From this, it can be understood that there is a separate business unit of B Bakery in the organization for managing the process of product distribution. In this regard, it can be observed that B Bakery has made collaboration with different types of distribution channels in order to sell their products. Some of the major adopted distribution channel is supermarket chains, pub-chains and others. Ineffective Management of Human Resource: From the provided case study, it can be seen that the employee base of B Bakery is 70. B Bakery uses to manage the salary process of their employees in manual basis. From this, it can be observed that there is a lack of effective computerized system for the processing of salaries for the employee in B Bakery. This manual process affects the accounts department of the company along with the employees. Thus, from the above discussion, it can be understood that lack of effective accounting information system is affection various aspects of the business activities of B Bakery. Development of Business Requirements The provided case study depicts the success of B Bakery in making good amount of turnover. However, one cannot ignore the fact that the business operation of B Bakery is going to be affected in the near future due to the adoption of accounting processes on the manual basis (Laudon and Laudon 2016). The following discussion suggests some business activities for making the business operations of B Bakery smooth. Pay-roll System with Automated Accounting Software: In present, it can be seen that B Bakery has adopted manual system for the processing and payment of salaries for their employees. As B Bakery is considered as one of the major growing firms, it is of utmost important for them to implement an effective structure for employee pay roll that will be automated. This will help the company in crediting the salaries of their employees (Hall 2012). Analysis of Cost Difference of Outflow and Inflow Activities: As per the earlier discussion, B Bakery is a growing organization and thus, it is crucial for them to make classification of different kinds of cost in the manufacturing and production process of the company. Apart from this, it is essential for the business organization to reduce the level of costs in different segments so that secure future of the business can be sustained. Al these can only be possible with the help technologically advanced accounting software (KneÃ… ¾evi?, Stankovi? and Tepavac 2012). Determination of Cost of Production: It is essential for B Bakery to implement such business process that will assists the company in the determination of cost of production or cost of goods sold. With the help of the proposed process, the firm will be able to determine the costs of raw materials along with the cost of finished goods. This is not possible in B Bakery in the presence of manual accounting system (Dandago and Rufai 2014). Preparation of Financial Statement and Annual Reports: It is required for every company to publish their financial statements along with annual reports in regular basis. It is one of the major indispensible parts of B Bakery in order to analyze the business processes of the company. Thus, it is required for B Bakery to implement a particular business process I order to gain competitive advantage (Simkin, Norman and Rose 2014). Determination of Adequate Payment of Taxes: At the time of adopting the suitable accounting methods, B Bakery needs to determine the market value of that system. In addition, it is required for B Bakery to pay its various liabilities like tax and others (Jawabreh and Alrabei 2012). In case, B Bakery becomes able to adopt the above business process suggestions, the company will be able to attain certain benefits and outcomes. They are as follows: Control over Variables and Different Operating Costs: In case B Bakery becomes able to adopt the suggested business operations, the company will be effectively able to control the operating costs. After that, B Bakery will become able to determine the lowest and highest unit of production that will provide the company control over its variable costs. With the help of this, B Bakery will be able to adopt cost effective manufacturing system. In addition, this process will assist the company in the minimization of unit of production that causes the company higher operating cost (Demski 2013). Effectiveness in the Preparation of Financial Statements: With the assistance of automated accounting system, B Bakery will be able to prepare error-free and effective financial statements. This process will make the company able to compare the financial results for more than one year so that effective business planning can be done (Daoud and Triki 2013). Sales Increase: This suggested process will make the company know about the cost of production and its cost per unit. With the help of this, B Bakery will be able to develop their short-run and long run price strategy. This adopted pricing strategy will increase the sales revenue of B Bakery so that profit of the company can be increased (Tazik and Mohamed 2014). Determination of Demand: It is required for the companied to evaluate the demand and supply of their products. Implementation of automated business process will assist B Bakery to determine the demand and supply of bakery products. For this, efficiency can be brought in the production process along with the minimization of unused inventories. From the above discussion, it can be said that B Bakery will be able to attain these above-discussed outcomes with the help of automated accounting system (Caglio and Ditillo 2012). Determination of System Requirements Different kinds of requirement for accounting systems can be seen in the bakery firms. Two major requirements are effective analysis and evaluation of various financial statements and documentation process of various business records related to debtors, creditors, vendors and others. Easy Online Accounting: In the recent era, most of the business organizations are implementing the process of online accounting transactions. Thus, it is essential for B Bakery to implement such a system by which the company can get payments from the debtors and can pay the creditors. In addition, it is required for the management of B Bakery to know every important aspects of the company in order to take prompt business decisions. In addition, there is a need to bring efficiency in the inventory management of the company. All these aspects will ensure the firms growth. Most importantly, it is needed for B Bakery to secure the internal control system of business in order to avoid the leakage of important and confidential business information (Awerbuch and Preston 2012). Analysis of Financial Statements: Different types of automated accounting systems are required for B Bakery for the recording and reporting of financial transactions. In this regard, the suggested accounting software for B Bakery are DacEasy, MYOB and others. As B Bakery does not have any automated accounting software in present, the use of these systems will ensure the future success of the company. In addition, in order to keep the track of all financial transactions on the daily basis, these accounting systems play a crucial role. Most importantly, business organizations need to implement such accounting system that is secure from external threats. It needs to be done as the internal system of the companies can only access these accounting systems (Melnyk et al. 2014). Documentation of Different Records: It is prominent that all the large scale as well as small scale business organizations need to be involved in different types of financial as well as non-financial transactions. Accounting transactions are the part of these transactions and all these transactions have equal importance for the business activities. For this reason, it is essential for B Bakery to implement efficient accounting software in order to record the financial and accounting transactions on the daily basis. In addition, there is a need for accounting transactions over the years in order to measure the financial performance of the company. Most importantly, B Bakery needs to make a comparison of the accounting and financial transactions with its competitors. For all these reason, it is required for B Bakery to record all the transactions related to debtors, creditors, distributors, vendors and others. Thus, it is required to install automated accounting system in order to keep all these records (Stair and Reynolds 2013). Different Types of Cost Analysis: It is needed for B Bakery to implement effective automated accounting software so that different kinds of costs can be analyzed on a daily basis. For this purpose, the preparation of effective cost-sheet reports is required for the company. B Bakery can present all these reports to their vendors as they include all the information. Apart from this, these cost-sheets also include all the details and transactions related to the salary of the employees with the help of electronic transactions (Ram, Corkindale and Wu 2013). As per the above discussion, these requirements B Bakery needs to be mentioned at the time of the implementation of selection of accounting software. Thus, B Bakery needs to implement all these requirements in order to achieve the short term as well as long-term goals of the company. Selection of Software As per the business requirements of B Bakery, the following accounting software will be suitable for their business operations. B Bakery can select any of them based on their business requirements. DacEasy MYOB SAP Low End Accounting Software: Low end accounting software is suitable for the types of companies that have simple as well as less numbers of business transactions. The use of this kind of software can be seen among different professionals like doctors, lawyers and others. Very few companies use this software as cannot recode large number of complex transactions (Zairi 2012). Medium End Accounting Software: Companies use this software for meeting the basis financial as well as accounting transactions requirements. This accounting software covers all the primary financial and accounting transactions of the companies. In addition, small and medium size business organizations use this software for the preparation of various financial reports and it supports the double entry accounting system. Thus, many small and medium size companies use this software. High End Accounting Software: Companies use high end accounting software for the recording of large number of complex accounting transactions. For this reason, the big and multinational companies use this type of accounting software. This kind of accounting software can record large accounting transactions they are made with advanced technology. All these unique features of this accounting software make it more expensive in implementation for the companies and thus, small and medium size companies cannot afford the implementation of this software (Zairi 2012). Based on the above discussion, it can be said that medium end and high accounting software will be suitable for the business operations of B Bakery. From the provide case study, it can be seen that B Bakery has the financial capacity for the implementation of both medium end and high end accounting software. Selection of Vendor B Bakery has the option to adopt various accounting software and they are DacEasy, Xero, MYOB and others. Thus, it is essential for the firm to make a comparison between this software before the implementation decision. The comparison can be conducted based on some specific aspects like capacity of transactions recording and documentation, payroll structure, exposes, risk, sustainability, time scheduling and others. Thus, the bases of comparison are as follows: Credibility of Recording and Documentation: One of the major features of MYOB is its capability to record adequate numbers of data in the accounting system. In addition, MYOB is able to generate quick result or output when the users put in it (myob.com 2017). This process is done with the help of a specific button that can be seen in every page of the system. On the other hand, a use of index can be seen in case of DacEasy in order to find necessary information (sage.com 2017). Thus, with the use of different processes both MYOB and DacEasy can record large amount of information. Operating Expenses: The classification of the operating and implementation cost of these two software can be done from medium to high. Single version of this software comes with less cost where multiple version of this software is more expensive. Thus, the firms need to take decagons on the secretion of accounting software for their business activities. Payment of Employees of the Company: In case of the payment structure for the employee, differences can be seen among MYOB, Xero and DacEasy. At the time to deposit the salary directly to the employees, it is useful to use DacEasy (sage.com 2017). In addition, this software plays an important role for detecting the tax liabilities. In case of automatic bank reconciliation, Xero plays an important role. The usefulness of MYOB can be seen in the creation of different alternatives for the salaries and taxes of the employees (myob.com 2017). Risk and Uncertainty: One common and crucial characteristic of all these three accounting systems is that all of them are error free and they can depend on the capability of the companies. Before the handling of these systems, it is required for B Bakery to specialize themselves. Time and Complexities Scheduling: XERO provides assistance in easy online transactions, but the initial process is full of complexities (xero.com 2017). On the other hand, DacEasy provides assistance in case of the simple operations. However, drawbacks can be seen for DacEasy related to presentation of toolbars (sage.com 2017). However, at the billing time, this software produces speedy reports. MYOB is easy accessible as people having basic computer and accounting knowledge can operate this software. At the time of creating the bills of credit terms, MYOB plays an important part. Firms having many credit transactions can enjoy benefits (myob.com 2017). Flexibility: As XERO operates on the third party payroll, it can be considered as flexible (xero.com 2017). In addition, it helps the companies by providing free trail trainings. In case of DacEasy, the capacity of this software is the production of fifty reports and thus, it cannot be considered as flexible. At the same time, MYOB is considered as highly flexible as it is able to generate more than 175 reports (myob.com 2017). These reports provide assistance in tracking data related to the debtors, creditors, vendors and others transactions. Sundry Creditors and Debtors: In case of the billing process of creditors and debtors, MYOB helps the organizations by supporting e-payments and e-receipts (myob.com 2017). The main operation of DacEasy is to print cheques and to calculate the purchase quotes (sage.com 2017). In case of XERO, it helps the purchase order creation and claiming them for the creditors. It is required for B Bakery to choose the suitable accounting package that will help the company to active its target. It is not possible for B Bakery to spend a lot of money for the implementation of appropriate accounting package, as B Bakery is a family-owned business. In addition, for the ease of implementation, the selected accounting software needs to be simple. Thus, based on the above discussion, it can be said that the both XERO and MYOB suits the business requirements of B Bakery. In addition, it needs to be mentioned that MYOB is more suitable for the business operations of B Bakery as it has the capacity to generate wide range of reports for their various business operations. In addition, MYOB provides great assistance to the company in the dealing of credit transactions. Since distribution can be seen in the business operations of B Bakery, the credit function of MYOB suits the business operations of B Bakery (myob.com 2017). Not all these unique features are present in other accounting software like DacEasy, XERO and others. In the programming of MYOB, a two-way transfer facility can be seen and this particular facility is also missing in the other accounting software. The programming of ZERO supports the automatic calculation of bank reconciliation statements (xero.com 2017). It needs to be mentioned that MYOB helps the business organizations in the calculation of inventories under both LIFO and FIFO methods (myob.com 2017). This feature is not present in XERO. Transactions related to accounts receivable can be managed with the help of XERO (xero.com 2017). However, MYOB has the ability for the management of both accounts receivables and payables. With the help of the large reports generated by MYOB, B Bakery can take their business operations in the next level. It is also expected that the security system regarding the accounting information can become improved with the help of this software as systema tic information can be generated from this system. From the above discussion, it can be seen that MYOB has more flexibility in compared to the other software and it has more unique features that supports the business operations of B Bakery. Thus, based on the above discussion, it can be said that the implementation of MYOB will be suitable for the business operations of B Bakery and it will help to increase the efficiency of the business operations of B Bakery. Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it is clear that the every business organization wants to take their business on the next level. In case of B Bakery, the organization will be effective and successful in case the company implements the accounting software MYOB in the successful manner. With the help of MYOB, B Bakery will be able to overcome its security related issues. In addition, B Bakery will be able to access the invoices of their customers. With the assistance of MYOB, B Bakery will become able to analyze and evaluate financial reports over the years and the company will be able to implement effective pricing strategies. All these above-discussed factors will help in the increase of profitability and revenues of B Bakery so that they can take their business in the next level. References Awerbuch, S. and Preston, A. eds., 2012.The virtual utility: Accounting, technology competitive aspects of the emerging industry(Vol. 26). Springer Science Business Media. Caglio, A. and Ditillo, A., 2012. Opening the black box of management accounting information exchanges in buyersupplier relationships.Management Accounting Research,23(2), pp.61-78. Dandago, K.I. and Rufai, A.S., 2014. Information technology and accounting information system in the nigerian banking industry.Asian Economic and Financial Review,4(5), pp.655-670. Daoud, H. and Triki, M., 2013. Accounting information systems in an ERP environment and Tunisian firm performance. Demski, J., 2013.Managerial uses of accounting information. Springer Science Business Media. Hall, J.A., 2012.Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Jawabreh, O.A. and Alrabei, A.M., 2012. The Impact of Accounting Information System in Planning, Controlling and Decision-Making Processes in Jodhpur Hotels.Asian Journal of Finance Accounting,4(1), pp.173-188. KneÃ… ¾evi?, S., Stankovi?, A. and Tepavac, R., 2012. Accounting Information System as a Platform for Business and Financial Decision-Making in the Company.Management (1820-0222), (65). Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Melnyk, S.A., Bititci, U., Platts, K., Tobias, J. and Andersen, B., 2014. Is performance measurement and management fit for the future?.Management Accounting Research,25(2), pp.173-186. Myob.com. (2017).Accounting Software Online Business Solutions | MYOB Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.myob.com/au [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017]. Ram, J., Corkindale, D. and Wu, M.L., 2013. Implementation critical success factors (CSFs) for ERP: Do they contribute to implementation success and post-implementation performance?.International Journal of Production Economics,144(1), pp.157-174. Romney, M.B. and Steinbart, P.J., 2012.Accounting information systems. Boston: Pearson. Sage.com. (2017).Sage Daceasy | Sage US. [online] Available at: https://www.sage.com/en-us/products/sage-daceasy/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017]. Simkin, M.G., Norman, C.S. and Rose, J.M., 2014.Core concepts of accounting information systems. John Wiley Sons. Soudani, S.N., 2012. The usefulness of an accounting information system for effective organizational performance.International Journal of Economics and Finance,4(5), p.136. Stair, R. and Reynolds, G., 2013.Principles of information systems. Cengage Learning. Tazik, H. and Mohamed, Z.M., 2014, February. Accounting information system effectiveness, foreign ownership and timeliness of corporate financial report. In5th Asia-Pacific Business Research Conference(pp. 17-18). Xero. (2017).business accounting software | Xero. [online] Available at: https://www.xero.com/features-and-tools/accounting-software/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017]. Zairi, M., 2012.Measuring performance for business results. Springer Science Business Media.